Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids
Volume 79, Issue 3 , Pages 101-108 , September 2008

The relationship between the fatty acid composition of immune cells and their function

References 

  1. Meade CJ, Mertin J. Fatty acids and immunity. Adv. Lipid Res. 1978;16:127–165
  2. Calder PC. Sir David Cuthbertson medal lecture: immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1996;55:737–774
  3. Calder PC. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cytokine production in health and disease. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 1997;41:203–234
  4. Miles EA, Calder PC. Modulation of immune function by dietary fatty acids. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1998;57:277–292
  5. Calder PC. Dietary fatty acids and lymphocyte functions. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1998;57:487–502
  6. Calder PC. Dietary fatty acids and the immune system. Lipids. 1999;34:S137–S140
  7. Calder PC. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity: pouring oil on troubled waters or another fishy tale?. Nutr. Res. 2001;21:309–341
  8. Calder PC. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity. Lipids. 2001;36:1007–1024
  9. Calder PC, Yaqoob P, Thies F, Wallace FA, Miles EA. Fatty acids and lymphocyte functions. Br. J. Nutr. 2002;87:S31–S48
  10. Calder PC, Grimble RF. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002;56:S14–S19
  11. Calder PC. Dietary modification of inflammation with lipids. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2002;61:345–358
  12. Calder PC. N-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation: from molecular biology to the clinic. Lipids. 2003;38:342–352
  13. Calder PC. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2005;33:423–427
  14. Calder PC. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;83:1505S–1519S
  15. Calder PC. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation. Prost. Leuk. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2006;75:197–202
  16. Calder PC. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation. Scand. J. Food Nutr. 2006;50(Suppl. 2):54–61
  17. Sijben JWC, Calder PC. Differential immunomodulation with long-chain n-3 PUFA in health and disease. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2007;66:237–259
  18. Yaqoob P, Calder PC. Fatty acids and immune function: new insights into mechanisms. Br. J. Nutr. 2007;98:S41–S45
  19. Calder PC. Immunomodulation by omega-3 fatty acids. Prost. Leuk. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2007;77:327–335
  20. Yaqoob P. Monounsaturated fats and immune function. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1998;57:511–520
  21. Yaqoob P. Fatty acids as gatekeepers of immune cell regulation. Trends Immunol. 2003;24:639–645
  22. Yaqoob P. Fatty acids and the immune system: from basic science to clinical applications. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2004;63:89–104
  23. Kelley DS. Modulation of human immune and inflammatory responses by dietary fatty acids. Nutrition. 2001;17:669–673
  24. Switzer KC, McMurray DN, Chapkin RS. Effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on T-cell membrane composition and function. Lipids. 2004;39:1163–1170
  25. Stulnig TM, Zeyda M. Immunomodulation by polyunsaturated fatty acids: impact on T-cell signaling. Lipids. 2004;39:1171–1175
  26. Hwang D. Fatty acids and immune responses—a new perspective in searching for clues to mechanism. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2000;20:431–456
  27. Shaikh SR, Edidin M. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, membrane organization, T cells, and antigen presentation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;84:1277–1289
  28. Fritsche K. Fatty acids as modulators of the immune response. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2006;26:45–73
  29. Calder PC, Bond JA, Harvey DJ, Gordon S, Newsholme EA. Uptake and incorporation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids into macrophage lipids and their effect upon macrophage adhesion and phagocytosis. Biochem. J. 1990;269:807–814
  30. Calder PC, Yaqoob P, Harvey DJ, Watts A, Newsholme EA. The incorporation of fatty acids by lymphocytes and the effect on fatty acid composition and membrane fluidity. Biochem. J. 1994;300:509–518
  31. Yaqoob P, Newsholme EA, Calder PC. Influence of cell culture conditions on diet-induced changes in lymphocyte fatty acid composition. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1995;1255:333–340
  32. Peterson LD, Jeffery NM, Thies F, Sanderson P, Newsholme EA, Calder PC. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids alter rat spleen leukocyte fatty acid composition and prostaglandin E2 production but have different effects on lymphocyte functions and cell-mediated immunity. Lipids. 1998;33:171–180
  33. Wallace FA, Neely SJ, Miles EA, Calder PC. Dietary fats affect macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity towards tumour cells. Immunol. Cell Biol. 2000;78:40–48
  34. Wallace FA, Miles EA, Evans C, Stock TE, Yaqoob P, Calder PC. Dietary fatty acids influence the production of Th1- but not Th2-type cytokines. J. Leuk. Biol. 2001;69:449–457
  35. Kew S, Wells S, Thies F, McNeill GP, Quinlan PT, Clark GT, et al. The effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on rat lymphocyte proliferation depends upon its position in dietary triacylglycerols. J. Nutr. 2003;133:4230–4238
  36. Fritsche K. Important differences exist in the dose-response relationship between diet and immune cell fatty acids in humans and rodents. Lipids. 2007;42:961–979
  37. Lee TH, Hoover RL, Williams JD, Sperling RI, Ravalese J, Spur BW, et al. Effects of dietary enrichment with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on in vitro neutrophil and monocyte leukotriene generation and neutrophil function. N. Eng. J. Med. 1985;312:1217–1224
  38. Endres S, Ghorbani R, Kelley VE, Georgilis K, Lonnemann G, van der Meer JMW, et al. The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells. N. Eng. J. Med. 1989;320:265–271
  39. Sperling RI, Benincaso AI, Knoell CT, Larkin JK, Austen KF, Robinson DR. Dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit phosphoinositide formation and chemotaxis in neutrophils. J. Clin. Invest. 1993;91:651–660
  40. Gibney MJ, Hunter B. The effects of short- and long-term supplementation with fish oil on the incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into cells of the immune system in healthy volunteers. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1993;47:255–259
  41. Caughey GE, Mantzioris E, Gibson RA, Cleland LG, James MJ. The effect on human tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β production of diets enriched in n-3 fatty acids from vegetable oil or fish oil. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1996;63:116–122
  42. Yaqoob P, Pala HS, Cortina-Borja M, Newsholme EA, Calder PC. Encapsulated fish oil enriched in α-tocopherol alters plasma phospholipid and mononuclear cell fatty acid compositions but not mononuclear cell functions. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 2000;30:260–274
  43. Healy DA, Wallace FA, Miles EA, Calder PC, Newsholme P. The effect of low to moderate amounts of dietary fish oil on neutrophil lipid composition and function. Lipids. 2000;35:763–768
  44. Thies F, Nebe-von-Caron G, Powell JR, Yaqoob P, Newsholme EA, Calder PC. Dietary supplementation with γ-linolenic acid or fish oil decreases T lymphocyte proliferation in healthy older humans. J. Nutr. 2001;131:1918–1927
  45. Kew S, Banerjee T, Minihane AM, Finnegan YE, Williams CM, Calder PC. Relation between the fatty acid composition of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and measures of immune cell function in healthy, free-living subjects aged 25–72y. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003;77:1278–1286
  46. Miles EA, Banerjee T, Calder PC. The influence of different combinations of gamma-linolenic, stearidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids on the fatty acid composition of blood lipids and mononuclear cells in human volunteers. Prost. Leuk. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2004;70:529–538
  47. Kew S, Mesa MD, Tricon S, Buckley R, Minihane AM, Yaqoob P. Effects of oils rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on immune cell composition and function in healthy humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004;79:674–681
  48. Rees D, Miles EA, Banerjee T, Wells SJ, Roynette CE, Wahle KWJW, et al. Dose-related effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on innate immune function in healthy humans: a comparison of young and older men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;83:331–342
  49. Kelley DS, Nelson GJ, Love JE, Branch LB, Taylor PC, Schmidt PC, et al. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid alters tissue fatty acid composition, but not blood lipids, lipoproteins or coagulation status in humans. Lipids. 1993;28:533–537
  50. Kew S, Banerjee T, Minihane AM, Finnegan YE, Muggli R, Albers R, et al. Lack of effect of foods enriched with plant- or marine-derived n-3 fatty acids on human immune function. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003;77:1287–1295
  51. Mantzioris E, James MJ, Gibson RA, Cleland LG. Dietary substitution with an alpha-linolenic acid-rich vegetable oil increases eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations in tissues. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994;59:1304–1309
  52. Fisher M, Levine PH, Weiner BH, Johnson MH, Doyle EM, Ellis PA, et al. Dietary n-3 fatty acid supplementation reduces superoxide production and chemiluminescence in a monocyte-enriched preparation of leukocytes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1990;51:804–808
  53. Mølvig J, Pociot F, Worsaae H, Wogensen LD, Baek L, Christensen P, et al. Dietary supplementation with omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decreases mononuclear cell proliferation and interleukin 1 beta content but not monokine secretion in healthy and insulin dependent diabetic individuals. Scand. J. Immunol. 1991;34:399–410
  54. Luostarinen R, Saldeen T. Dietary fish oil decreases superoxide generation by human neutrophils: relation to cyclooxygenase pathway and lysosomal enzyme release. Prost. Leuk. Essent. Fatty Acids. 1996;55:167–172
  55. Schmidt EB, Varming K, Møller JM, Bülow Pedersen I, Madsen P, Dyerberg J. No effect of a very low dose of n-3 fatty acids on monocyte function in healthy humans. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1996;56:87–92
  56. Yaqoob P, Calder PC. Effects of dietary lipid manipulation upon inflammatory mediator production by murine macrophages. Cell. Immunol. 1995;163:120–128
  57. Chapkin RS, Akoh CC, Miller CC. Influence of dietary n-3 fatty acids on macrophage glycerophospholipid molecular species and peptidoleukotriene synthesis. J. Lipid Res. 1991;32:1205–1213
  58. Kelley DS, Taylor PC, Nelson GJ, Mackey BE. Arachidonic acid supplementation enhances synthesis of eicosanoids without suppressing immune functions in young healthy men. Lipids. 1998;33:125–130
  59. Meydani SN, Endres S, Woods MM, Goldin BR, Soo C, Morrill-Labrode A, et al. Oral (n-3) fatty acid supplementation suppresses cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation: comparison between young and older women. J. Nutr. 1991;121:547–555
  60. Von Schacky C, Kiefl R, Jendraschak E, Kaminski WE. N-3 fatty acids and cysteinyl-leukotriene formation in humans in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1993;121:302–309
  61. Kelley DS, Taylor PC, Nelson GJ, Schmidt PC, Ferretti A, Erickson KL, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid ingestion inhibits natural killer cell activity and production of inflammatory mediators in young healthy men. Lipids. 1999;34:317–324
  62. Wachtler P, Konig W, Senkal M, Kemen M, Koller M. Influence of a total parenteral nutrition enriched with ω-3 fatty acids on leukotriene synthesis of peripheral leukocytes and systemic cytokine levels in patients with major surgery. J. Trauma. 1997;42:191–198
  63. Mayer K, Fegbeutel C, Hattar K, Sibelius U, Krämer HJ, Heuer KU, et al. Omega-3 vs. omega-6 lipid emulsions exert differential influence on neutrophils in septic shock patients: impact on plasma fatty acids and lipid mediator generation. Intens. Care Med. 2003;29:1472–1481
  64. Grimm H, Mertes N, Goeters C, Schlotzer E, Mayer K, Grimminger F, et al. Improved fatty acid and leukotriene pattern with a novel lipid emulsion in surgical patients. Eur. J. Nutr. 2006;45:55–60
  65. Hudert CA, Weylandt KH, Lu Y, Wang J, Hong S, Dignass A, et al. Transgenic mice rich in endogenous omega-3 fatty acids are protected from colitis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2006;103:11276–11281
  66. Goldman DW, Pickett WC, Goetzl EJ. Human neutrophil chemotactic and degranulating activities of leukotriene B5 (LTB5) derived from eicosapentaenoic acid. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1983;117:282–288
  67. Lee TH, Mencia-Huerta JM, Shih C, Corey EJ, Lewis RA, Austen KF. Characterization and biologic properties of 5,12-dihydroxy derivatives of eicosapentaenoic acid, including leukotriene-B5 and the double lipoxygenase product. J. Biol. Chem. 1984;259:2383–2389
  68. Bagga D, Wang L, Farias-Eisner R, Glaspy JA, Reddy ST. Differential effects of prostaglandin derived from ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on COX-2 expression and IL-6 secretion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2003;100:1751–1756
  69. Dooper MMBW, Wassink L, M’Rabet L, Graus YMF. The modulatory effects of prostaglandin-E on cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are independent of the prostaglandin subtype. Immunology. 2002;107:152–159
  70. Miles EA, Allen E, Calder PC. In vitro effects of eicosanoids derived from different 20-carbon fatty acids on production of monocyte-derived cytokines in human whole blood cultures. Cytokine. 2002;20:215–223
  71. Miles EA, Aston L, Calder PC. In vitro effects of eicosanoids derived from different 20-carbon fatty acids on T helper type 1 and T helper type 2 cytokine production in human whole-blood cultures. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 2003;33:624–632
  72. Serhan CN, Clish CB, Brannon J, Colgan SP, Chiang N, Gronert K. Novel functional sets of lipid-derived mediators with antinflammatory actions generated from omega-3 fatty acids via cyclooxygenase 2-nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and transcellular processing. J. Exp. Med. 2000;192:1197–1204
  73. Serhan CN, Hong S, Gronert K, Colgan SP, Devchand PR, Mirick G, et al. Resolvins: a family of bioactive products of omega-3 fatty acid transformation circuits initiated by aspirin treatment that counter pro-inflammation signals. J. Exp. Med. 2000;196:1025–1037
  74. Arita M, Yoshida M, Hong S, Tjonahen E, Glickman JN, Petasis NA, et al. Resolvin E1, an endogenous lipid mediator derived from omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid, protects against 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2005;102:7671–7676
  75. Hong S, Gronert K, Devchand P, Moussignac R-L, Serhan CN. Novel docosatrienes and 17S-resolvins generated from docosahexaenoic acid in murine brain, human blood and glial cells: autocoids in anti-inflammation. J. Biol. Chem. 2003;278:14677–14687
  76. Calder PC. N-3 fatty acids and mononuclear phagocyte function. In:  Kremer JM editors. Medicinal Fatty Acids. Basel: Birkhauser; 1998;p. 1–27
  77. Calder PC, Bond JA, Bevan SJ, Hunt SV, Newsholme EA. Effect of fatty acids on the proliferation of concanavalin A-stimulated rat lymph node lymphocytes. Int. J. Biochem. 1991;23:579–588
  78. Calder PC, Newsholme EA. Polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress human peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin-2 production. Clin. Sci. 1992;82:695–700
  79. Calder PC, Newsholme EA. Unsaturated fatty acids suppress interleukin-2 production and transferrin receptor expression by concanavalin A-stimulated rat lymphocytes. Mediat. Inflamm. 1992;1:107–115
  80. Yaqoob P, Newsholme EA, Calder PC. The effect of dietary lipid manipulation on rat lymphocyte subsets and proliferation. Immunology. 1994;82:603–610
  81. Jolly CA, Jiang YH, Chapkin RS, McMurray DN. Dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress murine lymphoproliferation, interleukin-2 secretion, and the formation of diacylglycerol and ceramide. J. Nutr. 1997;127:37–43
  82. Peterson LD, Thies F, Sanderson P, Newsholme EA, Calder PC. Low levels of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids mimic the effects of fish oil upon rat lymphocytes. Life Sci. 1998;62:2209–2217
  83. Calder PC, Bevan SJ, Newsholme EA. The inhibition of T-lymphocyte proliferation by fatty acids is via an eicosanoid-independent mechanism. Immunology. 1992;75:108–115
  84. Zeyda M, Stulnig TM. Lipid Rafts & Co.: an integrated model of membrane organization in T cell activation. Prog. Lipid Res. 2006;45:187–202
  85. Pike LJ. Lipid rafts: bringing order to chaos. J. Lipid Res. 2003;44:655–667
  86. Simons K, Toomre D. Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2000;1:31–41
  87. Katagiri YU, Kiyokawa N, Fujimoto J. A role for lipid rafts in immune cell signaling. Microbiol. Immunol. 2001;45:1–8
  88. Razzaq TM, Ozegbe P, Jury EC, Sembi P, Blackwell NM, Kabouridis PS. Regulation of T-cell receptor signaling by membrane microdomains. Immunology. 2004;113:413–426
  89. Harder T. Lipid raft domains and protein networks in T-cell receptor signal transduction. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2004;16:353–359
  90. Stulnig T, Berger M, Sigmund T, Raderstorff D, Stockinger H, Waldhausl W. Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit T cell signal transduction by modification of detergent-soluble membrane domains. J. Cell Biol. 1998;143:637–644
  91. Stulnig TM, Huber J, Leitinger N, Imre E-M, Angelisoval P, Nowotny P, et al. Polyunsaturated eicosapentaenoic acid displaces proteins from membrane rafts by altering raft lipid composition. J. Biol. Chem. 2001;276:37335–37340
  92. Fan YY, McMurray DN, Ly LH, Chapkin RS. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids remodel mouse T-cell lipid rafts. J. Nutr. 2003;133:1913–1920
  93. Zeyda M, Szekeres AB, Saemann MD, Geyregger R, Stockinger H, Zlabinger GJ, et al. Suppression of T cell signaling by polyunsaturated fatty acids: selectivity in inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor activation. J. Immunol. 2003;170:6033–6039
  94. Zeyda M, Staffler G, Horejsi V, Waldhausl W. LAT displacement from lipid rafts as a molecular mechanism for the inhibition of T cell signalling by polyunsaturated fatty acids. J. Biol. Chem. 2002;277:28418–28423
  95. Sanderson P, Calder PC. Dietary fish oil appears to prevent the activation of phospholipase C-γ in lymphocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1998;1392:300–308
  96. Fan YY, Ly LH, Barhoumi R, McMurray DN, Chapkin RS. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid suppresses T cell protein kinase Cθ lipid raft recruitment and IL-2 production. J. Immunol. 2004;173:6151–6160
  97. Calder PC. Polyunsaturated fatty acids alter the rules of engagement. Future Lipidol. 2007;2:27–30
  98. Sanderson P, MacPherson GG, Jenkins CH, Calder PC. Dietary fish oil diminishes the antigen presentation activity of rat dendritic cells. J. Leuk. Biol. 1997;62:771–777
  99. Shaikh SR, Edidin M. Immunosuppressive effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on antigen presentation by HLA class I molecules. J. Lipid Res. 2007;48:127–138

PII: S0952-3278(08)00136-1

doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.09.016

Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids
Volume 79, Issue 3 , Pages 101-108 , September 2008