Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids
Volume 82, Issue 2 , Pages 111-119 , February 2010

Age-related changes of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the anterior cingulate cortex of individuals with major depressive disorder

  • Sarah M. Conklin

      Affiliations

    • Medical Research Service, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
    • Neuroscience Program and Department of Psychology, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA, USA
  • ,
  • Caroline A. Runyan

      Affiliations

    • Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
  • ,
  • Sherry Leonard

      Affiliations

    • Denver VA Medical Center, and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
  • ,
  • Ravinder D. Reddy

      Affiliations

    • Medical Research Service, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
  • ,
  • Matthew F. Muldoon

      Affiliations

    • Medical Research Service, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
    • Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
  • ,
  • Jeffrey K. Yao

      Affiliations

    • Medical Research Service, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
    • Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author: Tel.: +14129545787; fax: +14129545786

Received 9 September 2009 ,Accepted 4 December 2009.

References 

  1. Freeman MP, Hibbeln JR, Wisner KL. Omega-3 fatty acids: evidence basis for treatment and future research in psychiatry. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2006;67:1954–1967
  2. Kitajka K, Sinclair AJ, Weisinger RS, Weisinger HS, Mathai M, Jayasooriya AP, et al. Effects of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2004;101:10931–10936
  3. Hulbert AJ, Turner N, Storlien LH, Else PL. Dietary fats and membrane function: implications for metabolism and disease. Biol. Rev. 2005;80:155–169
  4. Tashiro T, Yamamori H, Takagi K, Hayashi N, Furukawa K, Nakajima N. N-3 Versus N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in critical illness. Nutrition. 1998;14:551–553
  5. Young G, Conquer J. Omega-3 fatty acids and neuropsychiatric disorders. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 2005;45:1–28
  6. Hibbeln JR. Fish consumption and major depression. Lancet. 1998;351:1213
  7. Hibbeln JR. Seafood consumption, the DHA content of mothers milk and prevalence rates of postpartum depression: a cross-national. ecological analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 2002;69:15–29
  8. Tanskanen A, Hibblen JR, Tuomilehto J, Uutela A, Haukala A, Viinamaki H, et al. Fish consumption and depressive symptoms in the general population in Finland. Psychiatr. Serv. 2001;52:529–531
  9. Peet M, Murphy B, Shay J, Horrobin DF. Depletion of omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biol. Psychiatry. 1998;43:315–319
  10. Maes M, Smith R, Christophe A, Cosyns P, Desnyder R, Meltzer HY. Fatty acid composition in major depression: decreased ω3 fractions in cholesteryl esters and increased c20:4ω6/c20:5ω3 ratio in cholesteryl esters and phospholipids. J. Affect. Disord. 1996;38:35–46
  11. Chui CC, Huang SY, Su KP, Lu ML, Huang MC, Chen CC, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acid deficit in patients with bipolar mania. Eur. Neurophyschopharma. 2003;13:99–103
  12. Stoll AL, Severus WE, Freeman MP. Omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1999;56:407–412
  13. Zanarini MC, Frakenburg FR. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment of women with borderline personality disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2003;160:167–169
  14. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Julien P. Major depression is associated with lower omega-3 fatty acids levels in patients with recent acute coronary syndromes. Biol. Psychiatry. 2004;55:891–896
  15. Nemets B, Stahl Z, Belmaker RH. Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medication treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2002;159:477–479
  16. Peet M, Horrobin DF. A dose-ranging study of the effects of ethyl-eicopentaenoic acid in patients with on-going depression in spite of apparently adequate treatment with standard drugs. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2001;59:913–919
  17. Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu CC. Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder: a preliminary double-blind placebo controlled trial. Eur. Neuropsychopharm. 2003;13:267–271
  18. Marangell LB, Martinez JM, Zboyan HA, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of major depression. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2003;160:996–998
  19. Ness AR, Gallacher JE, Bennett PD, Gunnell DJ, Rogers PJ, Kessler D, et al. Advice to eat fish and mood: a randomized controlled trial of men with angina. Nutritional Neuroscience. 2003;6:63–65
  20. Rogers PJ, Appleton KM, Kesler D, Peters TJ, Gunnell D, Hayward RC, et al. No effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA and DHA) supplementation on depressed mood and cognitive function: a randomized controlled trial. Br. J. Nutr. 2008;99:421–431
  21. Conklin SM, Harris JI, Manuck SB, Yao JK, Hibbeln JR, Muldoon MF. Serum ω-3 fatty acids are associated with variation in mood, personality and behavior in hypercholesterolemic community volunteers. Psychiatry Res. 2007;152:1–10
  22. Lalovic A, Levy E, Canetti L, Sequeira A, Montoudis A, Turecki G. Fatty acid composition in postmortem brains of people who completed suicide. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2007;32:363–370
  23. McNamara RK, Hahn CH, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Stanford KE, et al. Selective deficits in the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the postmortem orbitofrontal cortex of patients with major depressive disorder. Biol. Psychiatry. 2007;62:17–24
  24. McNamara RK, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Stanford KE, Hahn CG, et al. Deficits in docosahexaenoic acid and associated elevations in the metabolism of arachidonic acid and saturated fatty acids in the postmortem orbitofrontal cortex of patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2008;160:285–299
  25. Drevets WC. Functional anatomical abnormalities in limbic and prefrontal cortical structures in major depression. Prog. Brain Res. 2000;413–431
  26. Van Veen V, Cohen JD, Botvinick MM, Stenger V, Carter CS. Anterior cingulate cortex, conflict monitoring and levels of processing. NeuroImage. 2001;14:1302–1308
  27. MacDonald AW, Cohen JD, Stenger VA, Carter CS. Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control. Science. 2000;288:1835–1838
  28. Drevets WC. Prefrontal cortical-amygdalar metabolism in major depression. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1999;877:614–637
  29. Breiter HC, Rauch SL, Kwong KK, Baker JR, Weisskoff RM, Kennedy DN, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1996;53:595–606
  30. Amir N, Klumpp H, Elias J, Bedwell JS, Yanasak N, Miller LS. Increased activation of the anterior cingulate cortex during processing of disgust faces in individuals with social phobia. Biol. Psychiatry. 2005;57:975–981
  31. Binder DK, Iskandar BJ. Modern neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders. Neurosurgery. 2000;47:9–21
  32. Gianaros PJ, Derbyshire SWG, May C, Siegle GJ, Gamalo MA, Jennings JR. Anterior cingulate activity correlates with blood pressure during stress. Psychophysiology. 2005;42:627–635
  33. Mayberg HS. Limbic-cortical dysregulation: a proposed model of depression. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1997;9:471–481
  34. Pizzagalli D, Pascual-Marqui RD, Nitschke JB, Oakes TR, Larson CL, Abercromnie HC, et al. Anterior cingulate activity as a predictor of degree of treatment response in major depression: evidence from brain electrical tomography analysis. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158:405–415
  35. Parker G, Gibson NA, Brotchie H, Heruc G, Rees AM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Omega-3 fatty acids and mood disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2006;163:969–978
  36. Conklin SM, Gianaros PJ, Brown SM, Yao JK, Hariri AR, Manuck SB, et al. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake is associated positively with corticolimbic gray matter volume in healthy adults. Neurosci. Lett. 2007;421:209–212
  37. Leonard S, Logel J, Luthman D, Casanova M, Kirch D, Freedman R. Biological stability of MRNA isolated from human postmortem brain collection. Biol. Psychiatry. 1993;33:456–466
  38. Hardy JA, Wester P, Winblad B, Gezelius C, Bring G, Eriksson A. The patients dying after long terminal phase have acidotic brains; implications for biochemical measurements on autopsy tissue. J. Neural Transm. 1985;61:253–264
  39. Yao JK, van Kammen DP, Welker JA. Red blood cell membrane dynamics in schizophrenia. II. fatty acid composition. Schizophr. Res. 1994;13:217–226
  40. Yao JK, Leonard S, Reddy R. Membrane phospholipid abnormalities in postmortem brains from schizophrenic patients. Schizophr. Res. 2000;42:7–17
  41. Elliott KAC, Jasper H. Measurement of experimentally induced brain swelling and shrinkage. Am. J. Physiol. 1949;157:122–129
  42. Carver JD, Benford VJ, Han B, Cantor AB. The relationship between age and the fatty acid composition of cerebral cortex and erythrocytes in human subjects. Brain Res. Bull. 2001;56:79–85
  43. Delion S, Chalon S, Guilloteau D, Besnard JC, Durand G. Alpha-linolenic acid dietary deficiency alters age-related changes of dopaminergic and serotoninergic neurotransmission in the rat frontal cortex. J. Neurochem. 1996;66:1582–1591
  44. De la Pressa Owens S, Innis SM. Docosahexaenoic and arachidonic Acid prevent a decrease in dopoaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitters in frontal cortex caused by linoleic and alpha-linoleic acid deficient diet in formula-fed piglets. J. Nutr. 1999;129:2088–2093
  45. Kodas E, Vancassel S, Lejeune B, Guilloteau D, Chalon S. Reversibility of n-3 fatty acid deficiency-induced changes in dopaminergic neurotransmission in rats: critical role of developmental stage. J. Lipid Res. 2002;43:1209–1219
  46. McNamara RK, Ostrander M, Abplanalp W, Richtand NM, Benoit SC, Clegg DJ. Modulation of phosphoinositide-protein kinase C signal transduction by omega-3 fatty acids: implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of recurrent neuropsychiatric illness. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2006;75:237–257
  47. Zimmer L, Vancassel S, Cantagrel S, Breton P, Delamanche S, Guilloteau D, et al. The dopamine mesocorticolimbic pathway is affected by deficiency in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002;75:662–667
  48. DeMar JC, Ma K, Bell JM, Igarashi M, Greenstein D, Rapoport SI. One generation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deprivation increases depression and aggression test scores in rats. J. Lipid Res. 2006;47:172–180
  49. Calderon F, Kim HY. Docosahexaenoic acid promotes neurite growth in hippocampal neurons. J. Neurochem. 2004;90:979–988
  50. Kawakita E, Hashimoto M, Shido O. Docosahexaenoic acid promotes neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Neuroscience. 2006;139:991–997
  51. Song C, Manku MS, Horrobin DF. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate interleukin-1 beta-induced changes in behavior, monoaminergic neurotransmitters, and brain inflammation in rats. J. Nutr. 2008;138:954–963
  52. Malerba G, Schaeffer I, Xumerle L, Klopp N, Trabetti E, Biscuola M, et al. SNPs of the FADS gene clusters are associated with polyunsaturated fatty acids in a cohort of patients with cardiovascular disease. Lipids. 2008;43:289–299
  53. Koletzko B, Demmelmair H, Schaeffer L, Illig T, Heinrich J. Genetically determined variation in polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism may result in different dietary requirements. Nestle Nutr. Workshop Ser. Pediatr. Program. 2008;62:35–49
  54. R. Pawlosky, J. Hibbeln, B. Wegher, N. Sebring, N. Salem Jr, The effects of cigarette smoking on the metabolism of essential fatty acids, Lipids (1999) 34 Suppl S287.
  55. Hibbeln JR, Makino KK, Martin CE, Dickerson F, Boronow J, Fenton WS. Smoking, gender, and dietary influences on erythrocyte essential fatty acid composition among patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Biol. Psychiatry. 2003;53:431–441
  56. Sublette M, Milak MS, Hibbeln JR, Freed PJ, Oquendo MA, Malone KM, et al. Plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and regional cerebral glucose metabolism in major depression. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2009;80:57–64
  57. Edwards R, Peet M, Shay J, Horrobin DF. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in the diet and in red blood cell membranes of depressed patients. J. Affect Disord. 1998;48:149–155

PII: S0952-3278(09)00205-1

doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.12.002

Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids
Volume 82, Issue 2 , Pages 111-119 , February 2010