Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids
Volume 82, Issue 4 , Pages 251-258 , April 2010

n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and autoimmune-mediated glomerulonephritis

References 

  1. Calder PC. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation: from molecular biology to the clinic. Lipids. 2003;38:343–352
  2. Calder PC. The relationship between the fatty acid composition of immune cells and their function. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2008;79:101–108
  3. Yaqoob P. Fatty acids and the immune system: from basic science to clinical applications. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2004;63:89–104
  4. Jump DB. Fatty acid regulation of gene transcription. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 2004;41:41–78
  5. Din JN, Newby DE, Flapan AD. Omega 3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease—fishing for a natural treatment. BMJ. 2004;328:30–35
  6. Barnes PM, Powell-Griner E, McFann K, Nahin RL. Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States, 2002. Adv. Data. 2004;1–19
  7. Gil A. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory diseases. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2002;56:388–396
  8. Simopoulos AP. Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2002;21:495–505
  9. Bannenberg GL, Chiang N, Ariel A, Arita M, Tjonahen E, Gotlinger KH, et al. Molecular circuits of resolution: formation and actions of resolvins and protectins. J. Immunol. 2005;174:4345–4355
  10. Serhan CN, Gotlinger K, Hong S, Arita M. Resolvins, docosatrienes, and neuroprotectins, novel omega-3-derived mediators, and their aspirin-triggered endogenous epimers: an overview of their protective roles in catabasis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2004;73:155–172
  11. Kasuga K, Yang R, Porter TF, Agrawal N, Petasis NA, Irimia D, et al. Rapid appearance of resolvin precursors in inflammatory exudates: novel mechanisms in resolution. J. Immunol. 2008;181:8677–8687
  12. Serhan CN, Chiang N, Van Dyke TE. Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2008;8:349–361
  13. Shi YH, Pestka JJ. Attenuation of mycotoxin-induced IgA nephropathy by eicosapentaenoic acid in the mouse: dose response and relation to IL-6 expression. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2006;17:697–706
  14. Jia Q, Zhou HR, Shi Y, Pestka JJ. Docosahexaenoic acid consumption inhibits deoxynivalenol-induced CREB/ATF1 activation and IL-6 gene transcription in mouse macrophages. J. Nutr. 2006;136:366–372
  15. Mirnikjoo B, Brown SE, Kim HF, Marangell LB, Sweatt JD, Weeber EJ. Protein kinase inhibition by omega-3 fatty acids. J. Biol. Chem. 2001;276:10888–10896
  16. Seung Kim HF, Weeber EJ, Sweatt JD, Stoll AL, Marangell LB. Inhibitory effects of omega-3 fatty acids on protein kinase C activity in vitro. Mol. Psychiatry. 2001;6:246–248
  17. Shi Y, Pestka JJ. Mechanisms for suppression of interleukin-6 expression in peritoneal macrophages from docosahexaenoic acid-fed mice. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2009;20:358–368
  18. Diaz O, Berquand A, Dubois M, Di Agostino S, Sette C, Bourgoin S, et al. The mechanism of docosahexaenoic acid-induced phospholipase D activation in human lymphocytes involves exclusion of the enzyme from lipid rafts. J. Biol. Chem. 2002;277:39368–39378
  19. Fan YY, Ly LH, Barhoumi R, McMurray DN, Chapkin RS. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid suppresses T cell protein kinase C theta lipid raft recruitment and IL-2 production. J. Immunol. 2004;173:6151–6160
  20. Harder T, Engelhardt KR. Membrane domains in lymphocytes—from lipid rafts to protein scaffolds. Traffic. 2004;5:265–275
  21. Shaikh SR, Cherezov V, Caffrey M, Stillwell W, Wassall SR. Interaction of cholesterol with a docosahexaenoic acid-containing phosphatidylethanolamine: trigger for microdomain/raft formation?. Biochemistry. 2003;42:12028–12037
  22. Stulnig TM, Huber J, Leitinger N, Imre EM, Angelisova P, Nowotny P, et al. Polyunsaturated eicosapentaenoic acid displaces proteins from membrane rafts by altering raft lipid composition. J. Biol. Chem. 2001;276:37335–37340
  23. Zeyda M, Staffler G, Horejsi V, Waldhausl W, Stulnig TM. LAT displacement from lipid rafts as a molecular mechanism for the inhibition of T cell signaling by polyunsaturated fatty acids. J. Biol. Chem. 2002;277:28418–28423
  24. Lee JY, Plakidas A, Lee WH, Heikkinen A, Chanmugam P, Bray G, et al. Differential modulation of toll-like receptors by fatty acids: preferential inhibition by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J. Lipid Res. 2003;44:479–486
  25. Rhee SH, Hwang D. Murine toll-like receptor 4 confers lipopolysaccharide responsiveness as determined by activation of NF kappa B and expression of the inducible cyclooxygenase. J. Biol. Chem. 2000;275:34035–34040
  26. Brenner BM, Rector FC. Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2008;
  27. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US), The kidneys and how they work, NIH Publication No. 09-3195, US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 2009, 11 pp.
  28. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, Manzi J, Kusek JW, Eggers P, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2007;298:2038–2047
  29. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan DJ, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. 2004;1296–1305
  30. Chan JCM, Trachtman H. Modulating the progression in IgA nephropathy. Nephron Clin. Pract. 2006;104:C61–C68
  31. Emancipator SN, Lamm ME. IgA nephropathy: pathogenesis of the most common form of glomerulonephritis. Lab. Invest. 1989;60:168–183
  32. Hunley TE, Kon V. IgA nephropathy. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 1999;11:152–157
  33. Nair R, Walker PD. Is IgA nephropathy the commonest primary glomerulopathy among young adults in the USA?. Kidney Int. 2006;69:1455–1458
  34. Hellegers D. IgA nephropathy. Partners Prev. 1993;10
  35. Harper SJ, Allen AC, Pringle JH, Feehally J. Increased dimeric IgA producing B cells in the bone marrow in IgA nephropathy determined by in situ hybridisation for J chain mRNA. J. Clin. Pathol. 1996;49:38–42
  36. Mestecky J, Tomana M, Moldoveanu Z, Julian BA, Suzuki H, Matousovic K, et al. Role of aberrant glycosylation of IgA1 molecules in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. Kidney Blood Pressure Res. 2008;31:29–37
  37. Narita I, Gejyo F. Pathogenetic significance of aberrant glycosylation of IgA1 in IgA nephropathy. Clin. Exp. Nephrol. 2008;12:332–338
  38. Novak J, Julian BA, Tomana M, Mestecky J. IgA glycosylation and IgA immune complexes in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. Semin. Nephrol. 2008;28:78–87
  39. Oortwijn BD, Eijgenraam JW, Rastaldi MP, Roos A, Daha MR, van Kooten C. The role of secretory IgA and complement in IgA nephropathy. Semin. Nephrol. 2008;28:58–65
  40. Appel GB, Waldman M. The IgA nephropathy treatment dilemma. Kidney Int. 2006;69:1939–1944
  41. Harper L, Savage CO. Treatment of IgA nephropathy [comment]. Lancet. 1999;353:860–862
  42. Wakai K, Kawamura T, Matsuo S, Hotta N, Ohno Y. Risk factors for IgA nephropathy: a case-control study in Japan. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1999;33:738–745
  43. Wakai K, Nakai S, Matsuo S, Kawamura T, Hotta N, Maeda K, et al. Risk factors for IgA nephropathy: a case-control study with incident cases in Japan. Nephron. 2002;90:16–23
  44. Pestka JJ. Deoxynivalenol-induced IgA production and IgA nephropathy-aberrant mucosal immune response with systemic repercussions. Toxicol. Lett. 2003;140–141:287–295
  45. S.N. Emancipator, Animal models of IgA nephropathy, Curr. Protoc. Immunol. (2001) Unit 15 11 (Chapter 15).
  46. Tomino Y. IgA nephropathy: lessons from an animal model, the ddY mouse. J. Nephrol. 2008;21:463–467
  47. Peng W, Liu ZR. Comparison of two rat models of IgA nephropathy. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2008;28:1842–1845
  48. Montinaro V, Gesualdo L, Schena FP. The relevance of experimental models in the pathogenetic investigation of primary IgA nephropathy. Ann. Med. Interne (Paris). 1999;150:99–107
  49. Bondy GS, Pestka JJ. Dietary exposure to the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) stimulates terminal differentiation of Peyer’s patch B cells to IgA secreting plasma cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1991;108:520–530
  50. Dong W, Pestka JJ. Persistent dysregulation of IgA production and IgA nephropathy in the B6C3F1 mouse following withdrawal of dietary vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1993;20:38–47
  51. Dong W, Sell JE, Pestka JJ. Quantitative assessment of mesangial immunoglobulin A (IgA) accumulation, elevated circulating IgA immune complexes, and hematuria during vomitoxin-induced IgA nephropathy. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1991;17:197–207
  52. Pestka JJ, Dong W, Warner RL, Rasooly L, Bondy GS. Effect of dietary administration of the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) on IgA and IgG secretion by Peyer’s patch and splenic lymphocytes. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1990;28:693–699
  53. Pestka JJ, Dong W, Warner RL, Rasooly L, Bondy GS, Brooks KH. Elevated membrane IgA+ and CD4+ (T helper) populations in murine Peyer’s patch and splenic lymphocytes during dietary administration of the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol). Food Chem. Toxicol. 1990;28:409–420
  54. Pestka JJ, Moorman MA, Warner RL. Altered serum immunoglobulin response to model intestinal antigens during dietary exposure to vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol). Toxicol. Lett. 1990;50:75–84
  55. Rasooly L, Pestka JJ. Vomitoxin-induced dysregulation of serum IgA, IgM and IgG reactive with gut bacterial and self antigens. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1992;30:499–504
  56. Rasooly L, Pestka JJ. Polyclonal autoreactive IgA increase and mesangial deposition during vomitoxin-induced IgA nephropathy in the BALB/c mouse. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1994;32:329–336
  57. Yan D, Rumbeiha WK, Pestka JJ. Experimental murine IgA nephropathy following passive administration of vomitoxin-induced IgA monoclonal antibodies. Food Chem.Toxicol. 1998;36:1095–1106
  58. Yan D, Zhou HR, Brooks KH, Pestka JJ. Potential role for IL-5 and IL-6 in enhanced IgA secretion by Peyer’s patch cells isolated from mice acutely exposed to vomitoxin. Toxicology. 1997;122:145–158
  59. Yan D, Zhou HR, Brooks KH, Pestka JJ. Role of macrophages in elevated IgA and IL-6 production by Peyer’s patch cultures following acute oral vomitoxin exposure. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1998;148:261–273
  60. Kiyono H, Taguchi T, Aicher WK, Beagley KW, Fujihashi K, Eldridge JH, et al. Immunoregulatory confluence: T cells, Fc receptors and cytokines for IgA immune responses. Int. Rev. Immunol. 1990;6:263–273
  61. Vancott JL, Staats HF, Pascual DW, Roberts M, Chatfield SN, Yamamoto M, et al. Regulation of mucosal and systemic antibody responses by T helper cell subsets, macrophages, and derived cytokines following oral immunization with live recombinant Salmonella. J. Immunol. 1996;156:1504–1514
  62. McGhee JR, Mestecky J, Elson CO, Kiyono H. Regulation of IgA synthesis and immune response by T cells and interleukins. J. Clin. Immunol. 1989;9:175–199
  63. Baba Y, Akagi H, Fukushima K, Kosaka M, Hattori K, Nishizaki K, et al. Quantitative analysis of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in patients with IgA nephropathy after tonsillectomy. Auris Nasus Larynx. 1999;26:177–182
  64. Dohi K, Iwano M, Muraguchi A, Horii Y, Hirayama T, Ogawa S, et al. The prognostic significance of urinary interleukin 6 in IgA nephropathy. Clin. Nephrol. 1991;35:1–5
  65. Horii Y, Muraguchi A, Iwano M, Matsuda T, Hirayama T, Yamada H, et al. Involvement of IL-6 in mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. J. Immunol. 1989;143:3949–3955
  66. Ichinose H, Miyazaki M, Koji T, Furusu A, Ozono Y, Harada T, et al. Detection of cytokine mRNA-expressing cells in peripheral blood of patients with IgA nephropathy using non-radioactive in situ hybridization. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1996;103:125–132
  67. Iwano M, Dohi K, Hirata E, Horii Y, Shiiki H, Ishikawa H. Induction of interleukin 6 synthesis in mouse glomeruli and cultured mesangial cells. Nephron. 1992;62:58–65
  68. Nakamura T, Ebihara I, Takahashi T, Yamamoto M, Tomino Y, Koide H. Increased interleukin 6 mRNA expression by peripheral blood T cells from patients with IgA nephropathy. Autoimmunity. 1993;15:171–179
  69. Zhou HR, Yan D, Pestka JJ. Differential cytokine mRNA expression in mice after oral exposure to the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol): dose response and time course. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1997;144:294–305
  70. Zhou HR, Yan D, Pestka JJ. Induction of cytokine gene expression in mice after repeated and subchronic oral exposure to vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol): differential toxin-induced hyporesponsiveness and recovery. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1998;151:347–358
  71. Pestka JJ, Zhou HR. Interleukin-6-deficient mice refractory to IgA dysregulation but not anorexia induction by vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) ingestion. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2000;38:565–575
  72. Dendorfer U, Oettgen P, Libermann TA. Multiple regulatory elements in the interleukin-6 gene mediate induction by prostaglandins, cyclic AMP, and lipopolysaccharide. Mol. Cell Biol. 1994;14:4443–4454
  73. Matsusaka T, Fujikawa K, Nishio Y, Mukaida N, Matsushima K, Kishimoto T, et al. Transcription factors NF-IL6 and NF-kappa B synergistically activate transcription of the inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6 and interleukin 8. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1993;90:10193–10197
  74. Robb BW, Hershko DD, Paxton JH, Luo GJ, Hasselgren PO. Interleukin-10 activates the transcription factor C/EBP and the interleukin-6 gene promoter in human intestinal epithelial cells. Surgery. 2002;132:226–231
  75. Li S, Ouyang Y, Yang GH, Pestka JJ. Modulation of transcription factor AP-1 activity in murine EL-4 thymoma cells by Vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2000;163:17–25
  76. Ouyang YL, Li S, Pestka JJ. Effects of vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) on transcription factor NF-kappa B/Rel binding activity in murine EL-4 thymoma and primary CD4+ T cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1996;140:328–336
  77. Wong SS, Zhou HR, Pestka JJ. Effects of vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) on the binding of transcription factors AP-1, NF-kappaB, and NF-IL6 in raw 264.7 macrophage cells. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 2002;65:1161–1180
  78. Zhou HR, Islam Z, Pestka JJ. Rapid, sequential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and transcription factors precedes proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in spleens of mice exposed to the trichothecene vomitoxin. Toxicol. Sci. 2003;72:130–142
  79. Li S, Ouyang YL, Dong W, Pestka JJ. Superinduction of IL-2 gene expression by vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) involves increased mRNA stability. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1997;147:331–342
  80. Moon Y, Pestka JJ. Vomitoxin-induced cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in macrophages mediated by activation of ERK and p38 but not JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases. Toxicol. Sci. 2002;69:373–382
  81. Moon Y, Uzarski R, Pestka JJ. Relationship of trichothecene structure to COX-2 induction in the macrophage: selective action of type B (8-keto) trichothecenes. J. Toxicol Environ. Health A. 2003;66:1967–1983
  82. Wong SS, Zhou HR, Marin-Martinez ML, Brooks K, Pestka JJ. Modulation of IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha secretion and mRNA expression by the trichothecene vomitoxin in the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1998;36:409–419
  83. Jia Q, Shi Y, Bennink MB, Pestka JJ. Docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, but not alpha-linolenic acid, suppress deoxynivalenol-induced experimental IgA nephropathy in mice. J. Nutr. 2004;134:1353–1361
  84. Jia QS, Zhou HR, Bennink M, Pestka JJ. Docosahexaenoic acid attenuates mycotoxin-induced immunoglobulin a nephropathy, interleukin-6 transcription, and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in mice. J. Nutr. 2004;134:3343–3349
  85. Pestka JJ, Zhou HR, Jia Q, Timmer AM. Dietary fish oil suppresses experimental immunoglobulin a nephropathy in mice. J. Nutr. 2002;132:261–269
  86. Beli E, Li M, Cuff C, Pestka JJ. Docosahexaenoic acid-enriched fish oil consumption modulates immunoglobulin responses to and clearance of enteric reovirus infection in mice. J. Nutr. 2008;138:813–819
  87. Moon Y, Pestka JJ. Deoxynivalenol-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and IL-6 expression in mice suppressed by fish oil. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2003;14:717–726
  88. Shi Y, Pestka JJ. Attenuation of mycotoxin-induced IgA nephropathy by eicosapentaenoic acid in the mouse: dose response and relation to IL-6 expression. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2006;17:697–706
  89. Shaywitz AJ, Greenberg ME. CREB: a stimulus-induced transcription factor activated by a diverse array of extracellular signals. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1999;68:821–861
  90. Song KS, Lee WJ, Chung KC, Koo JS, Yang EJ, Choi JY, et al. Interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induce MUC5AC overexpression through a mechanism involving ERK/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases-MSK1-CREB activation in human airway epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2003;278:23243–23250
  91. Zhou HR, Islam Z, Pestka JJ. Induction of competing apoptotic and survival signaling pathways in the macrophage by the ribotoxic trichothecene deoxynivalenol. Toxicol. Sci. 2005;87:113–122
  92. Bechoua S, Dubois M, Nemoz G, Lagarde M, Prigent AF. Docosahexaenoic acid lowers phosphatidate level in human activated lymphocytes despite phospholipase D activation. J. Lipid Res. 1998;39:873–883
  93. Kuemmerle NB, Chan W, Krieg RJ, Norkus EP, Trachtman H, Chan JC. Effects of fish oil and alpha-tocopherol in immunoglobulin A nephropathy in the rat. Pediatr. Res. 1998;43:791–797
  94. Hamazaki T, Tateno S, Shishido H. Eicosapentaenoic acid and IgA nephropathy [letter]. Lancet. 1984;1:1017–1018
  95. Holman RT, Johnson SB, Bibus D, Spencer DC, Donadio JV. Essential fatty acid deficiency profiles in idiopathic immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1994;23:648–654
  96. Sulikowska B, Manitius J, Nieweglowski T, Szydlowska-lysiak W, Rutkowski B. The effect of therapy with small doses of mega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on renal reserve and metabolic disturbances in patients with primary IGA glomerulopathy. Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn. 2002;108:753–760
  97. Donadio JV, Bergstralh EJ, Offord KP, Spencer DC, Holley KE. A controlled trial of fish oil in IgA nephropathy. Mayo Nephrology Collaborative Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994;331:1194–1199
  98. Donadio JV, Grande JP, Bergstralh EJ, Dart RA, Larson TS, Spencer DC. The long-term outcome of patients with IgA nephropathy treated with fish oil in a controlled trial. Mayo Nephrology Collaborative Group. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1999;10:1772–1777
  99. Donadio JV, Larson TS, Bergstralh EJ, Grande JP. A randomized trial of high-dose compared with low-dose omega-3 fatty acids in severe IgA nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2001;12:791–799
  100. Alexopoulos E, Stangou M, Pantzaki A, Kirmizis D, Memmos D. Treatment of severe IgA nephropathy with omega-3 fatty acids: the effect of a “very low dose” regimen. Renal Failure. 2004;26:453–459
  101. Bennett WM, Walker RG, Kincaid-Smith P. Treatment of IgA nephropathy with eicosapentanoic acid (EPA): a two-year prospective trial. Clin. Nephrol. 1989;31:128–131
  102. Pettersson EE, Rekola S, Berglund L, Sundqvist KG, Angelin B, Diczfalusy U, et al. Treatment of IgA nephropathy with omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids: a prospective, double-blind, randomized study. Clin. Nephrol. 1994;41:183–190
  103. Hogg RJ, Lee J, Nardelli N, Julian BA, Cattran D, Waldo B, et al. Clinical trial to evaluate omega-3 fatty acids and alternate day prednisone in patients with IgA nephropathy: report from the southwest pediatric nephrology study group. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006;1:467–474
  104. Donadio JV, Bergstralh EJ, Bibus DM, Grande JP. Is body size a biomarker for optimizing dosing of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of patients with IgA nephropathy?. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006;1:933–939
  105. Dixit MP, Dixit NM, Scott K. Managing Henoch–Schonlein purpura in children with fish oil and ACE inhibitor therapy. Nephrology (Carlton). 2004;9:381–386
  106. Michet CJ, McKenna CH, Elveback LR, Kaslow RA, Kurland LT. Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases in Rochester, Minnesota, 1950 through 1979. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1985;60:105–113
  107. Munoz LE, Gaipl US, Franz S, Sheriff A, Voll RE, Kalden JR, et al. SLE—a disease of clearance deficiency?. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44:1101–1107
  108. Wallace DJ, Wallace DJaHBH. Clinical presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Dubois’ Lupus Erythematosus. Philadelphia, PA: Williams & Wilkins; 2007;pp. 638-646
  109. D'Agati VDAGB, Wallace DJHBH. Lupus nephritis: pathology and pathogenesis. Dubois’ Lupus Erythematosus. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007;pp. 1094-1110
  110. Liapis H, Tsokos GC. Pathology and immunology of lupus glomerulonephritis: can we bridge the two?. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 2007;39:223–231
  111. Dooley MA, Wallace DJHBH. Clinical and laboratory features of lupus nephritis. Dubois’ Lupus Erythematosus. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007;pp. 1112-1130
  112. Robak E, Robak T. Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr. Drug Targets. 2009;10:26–37
  113. Moore AD, Petri MA, Manzi S, Isenberg DA, Gordon C, Senecal JL, et al. The use of alternative medical therapies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Trination Study Group. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:1410–1418
  114. Yoshida S, Castles JJ, Gershwin ME. The pathogenesis of autoimmunity in New Zealand mice. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;19:224–242
  115. Theofilopoulos AN, Dixon FJ. Murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus. Adv. Immunol. 1985;37:269–390
  116. Ramanujam M, Davidson A. Targeting of the immune system in systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Rev. Mol. Med. 2008;10:e2
  117. Prickett JD, Robinson DR, Steinberg AD. A diet enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid suppresses autoimmune nephritis in female (NZB x NZW) F1 mice. Trans. Assoc. Am. Phys. 1982;95:145–154
  118. Prickett JD, Robinson DR, Steinberg AD. Effects of dietary enrichment with eicosapentaenoic acid upon autoimmune nephritis in female NZB X NZW/F1 mice. Arthritis Rheum. 1983;26:133–139
  119. Robinson DR, Prickett JD, Polisson R, Steinberg AD, Levine L. The protective effect of dietary fish oil on murine lupus. Prostaglandins. 1985;30:51–75
  120. Alexander NJ, Smythe NL, Jokinen MP. The type of dietary fat affects the severity of autoimmune disease in NZB/NZW mice. Am. J. Pathol. 1987;127:106–121
  121. Robinson DR, Xu LL, Tateno S, Guo M, Colvin RB. Suppression of autoimmune disease by dietary n-3 fatty acids. J. Lipid Res. 1993;34:1435–1444
  122. Robinson DR, Prickett JD, Makoul GT, Steinberg AD, Colvin RB. Dietary fish oil reduces progression of established renal disease in (NZB x NZW)F1 mice and delays renal disease in BXSB and MRL/1 strains. Arthritis Rheum. 1986;29:539–546
  123. Westberg G, Tarkowski A, Svalander C. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid rich menhaden oil and MaxEPA on the autoimmune disease of Mrl/l mice. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 1989;88:454–461
  124. Kelley VE, Ferretti A, Izui S, Strom TB. A fish oil diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid reduces cyclooxygenase metabolites, and suppresses lupus in MRL-lpr mice. J. Immunol. 1985;134:1914–1919
  125. Spurney RF, Ruiz P, Albrightson CR, Pisetsky DS, Coffman TM. Fish oil feeding modulates leukotriene production in murine lupus nephritis. Prostaglandins. 1994;48:331–348
  126. Venkatraman JT, Chu WC. Effects of dietary omega-3 and omega-6 lipids and vitamin E on serum cytokines, lipid mediators and anti-DNA antibodies in a mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 1999;18:602–613
  127. Fernandes G, Bhattacharya A, Rahman M, Zaman K, Banu J. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on autoimmunity and osteoporosis. Front. Biosci. 2008;13:4015–4020
  128. Chandrasekar B, Fernandes G. Decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased antioxidant enzyme gene expression by omega-3 lipids in murine lupus nephritis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1994;200:893–898
  129. Chandrasekar B, Troyer DA, Venkatraman JT, Fernandes G. Dietary omega-3 lipids delay the onset and progression of autoimmune lupus nephritis by inhibiting transforming growth factor beta mRNA and protein expression. J. Autoimmun. 1995;8:381–393
  130. Chandrasekar B, Troyer DA, Venkatraman JT, Fernandes G. Tissue specific regulation of transforming growth factor beta by omega-3 lipid-rich krill oil in autoimmune murine lupus. Nutr. Res. 1996;16:489–503
  131. Fernandes G, Bysani C, Venkatraman JT, Tomar V, Zhao W. Increased TGF-beta and decreased oncogene expression by omega-3 fatty acids in the spleen delays onset of autoimmune disease in B/W mice. J. Immunol. 1994;152:5979–5987
  132. Jung Kim Y, Yokozawa T, Chung HY. Effects of energy restriction and fish oil supplementation on renal guanidino levels and antioxidant defences in aged lupus-prone B/W mice. Br. J. Nutr. 2005;93:835–844
  133. Bhattacharya A, Lawrence RA, Krishnan A, Zaman K, Sun D, Fernandes G. Effect of dietary n-3 and n-6 oils with and without food restriction on activity of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in livers of cyclophosphamide treated autoimmune-prone NZB/W female mice. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2003;22:388–399
  134. Jolly CA, Fernandes G. Diet modulates Th-1 and Th-2 cytokine production in the peripheral blood of lupus-prone mice. J. Clin. Immunol. 1999;19:172–178
  135. Jolly CA, Muthukumar A, Avula CP, Troyer D, Fernandes G. Life span is prolonged in food-restricted autoimmune-prone (NZB x NZW)F(1) mice fed a diet enriched with (n-3) fatty acids. J. Nutr. 2001;131:2753–2760
  136. Lim BO, Jolly CA, Zaman K, Fernandes G. Dietary (n-6) and (n-3) fatty acids and energy restriction modulate mesenteric lymph node lymphocyte function in autoimmune-prone (NZB x NZW)F1 mice. J. Nutr. 2000;130:1657–1664
  137. Westberg G, Tarkowski A. Effect of MaxEPA in patients with SLE. A double-blind, crossover study. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 1990;19:137–143
  138. Clark WF, Parbtani A, Naylor CD, Levinton CM, Muirhead N, Spanner E, et al. Fish oil in lupus nephritis: clinical findings and methodological implications. Kidney Int. 1993;44:75–86
  139. Walton AJ, Snaith ML, Locniskar M, Cumberland AG, Morrow WJ, Isenberg DA. Dietary fish oil and the severity of symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1991;50:463–466
  140. Duffy EM, Meenagh GK, McMillan SA, Strain JJ, Hannigan BM, Bell AL. The clinical effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fish oils and/or copper in systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Rheumatol. 2004;31:1551–1556
  141. Wright SA, O'Prey FM, McHenry MT, Leahey WJ, Devine AB, Duffy EM, et al. A randomised interventional trial of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids on endothelial function and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2008;67:841–848
  142. Schiffer L, Bethunaickan R, Ramanujam M, Huang W, Schiffer M, Tao H, et al. Activated renal macrophages are markers of disease onset and disease remission in lupus nephritis. J. Immunol. 2008;180:1938–1947
  143. Steinmetz OM, Turner J-E, Paust H-J, Lindner M, Peters A, Heiss K, et al. CXCR3 Mediates Renal Th1 and Th17 immune response in murine lupus nephritis. J. Immunol. 2009;183:4693–4704
  144. Suzuki H, Suzuki Y, Narita I, Aizawa M, Kihara M, Yamanaka T, et al. Toll-like receptor 9 affects severity of IgA nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2008;19:2384–2395
  145. Suzuki Y, Tomino Y. Potential immunopathogenic role of the mucosa-bone marrow axis in IgA nephropathy: insights from animal models. Semin. Nephrol. 2008;28:66–77
  146. W.M. Wu, B.L. Chiang, S.C. Chang, B.F. Lin, Dietary fish oil increases CD8+ T-cells and decreases autoreactive T-cell activity in autoimmune NZB/W FI mice, J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 34 (2001) 41–49.
  147. A. Muthukumar, D. Sun, K. Zaman, J.L. Barnes, D. Haile, G. Fernandes, Age associated alterations in costimulatory and adhesion molecule expression in lupus-prone mice are attenuated by food restriction with n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, J. Clin. Immunol. 24 (2004) 471–480

PII: S0952-3278(10)00057-8

doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.02.013

Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids
Volume 82, Issue 4 , Pages 251-258 , April 2010

Article Tools