Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids
Volume 83, Issue 1 , Pages 9-13 , July 2010

Human milk fatty acids from lactating mothers of preterm infants: A study revealing wide intra- and inter-individual variation

  • L.G. Smithers

      Affiliations

    • Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, at the Children, Youth and Women's Health Service, North Adelaide and the Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Australia
    • Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
    • ,
  • M. Markrides

      Affiliations

    • Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, at the Children, Youth and Women's Health Service, North Adelaide and the Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Australia
    • School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
    • ,
  • R.A. Gibson

      Affiliations

    • Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, at the Children, Youth and Women's Health Service, North Adelaide and the Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Australia
    • School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. Tel.: +61883034333 Fax; +61883037135.

Received 1 September 2009 ,Revised 22 February 2010 ,Accepted 23 February 2010.

References 

  1. Birch E, Birch D, Hoffman DR, Uauy R. Dietary essential fatty acid supply and visual acuity development. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1992;33:3242–3253
  2. Carlson SE, Werkman SH, Peeples JM, Cooke RJ, Tolley EA. Arachidonic acid status correlated with first year growth in preterm infants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1993;90:1073–1077
  3. Makrides M, Gibson RA, McPhee A, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm infants fed high-dose docosahexaenoic acid: a randomized controlled trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2009;301:175–182
  4. Smithers LG, Gibson RA, McPhee A, Makrides M. Higher dose of DHA in the neonatal period improves visual acuity of preterm infants: the results of a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;88:1049–1056
  5. Carnielli VP, Wattimena DJL, Luijendijk IHT, Boerlage A, Degenhart HJ, Sauer PJJ. The very low birth weight premature infant is capable of synthesizing arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids from linoleic and linolenic acids. Pediatr. Res. 1996;40:169–174
  6. Clandinin MT, Chappell JE, Heim T, Swyer PR, Chance GW. Fatty acid utilization in perinatal de novo synthesis of tissues. Early Hum. Dev. 1981;5:355–366
  7. Innis SM, Kuhnlein HV. Long-chain n-3 fatty acids in breast milk of Inuit women consuming traditional foods. Early Hum. Dev. 1988;18:158–189
  8. Gibson RA, Neumann MA, Makrides M. Effect of increasing breast milk docosahexaenoic acid on plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acids and neural indices of exclusively breast fed infants. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997;51:578–584
  9. Brenna JT, Varamini B, Jensen RG, Diersen-Schade DA, Boettcher JA, Arterburn LM. Docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid concentrations in human breast milk worldwide. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;85:1457–1464
  10. Yuhas R, Pramuk K, Lien E. Human milk fatty acid composition from nine countries varies most in DHA. Lipids. 2006;41:851–858
  11. Smit EN, Koopmann M, Boersma ER, Muskiet FAJ. Effect of supplementation of arachidonic acid (AA) or a combination of AA plus docosahexaenoic acid on breastmilk fatty acid composition. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2000;62:335–340
  12. Food Standards Australia & New Zealand . Infant formula products. Standard 2.9.1. 2007;103:1–22
  13. Commision of the European Communities . Commission Directive 2006/141/EC of 22 December 2006 on infant formulae and follow-on formulae and amending Directive 1999/21/EC. Off. J. Eur. Union. 2006;L401:33
  14. Koletzko B, Lien E, Agostoni C, et al. The roles of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy, lactation and infancy: review of current knowledge and consensus recommendations. J. Perinat. Med. 2008;36:5–14
  15. Australia & New Zealand clinical trial registry. Registration Number 12606000327583. 〈http://www.actr.org.au〉.
  16. Smithers LG, Gibson RA, McPhee A, Makrides M. Effect of two doses of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the diet of preterm infants on infant fatty acid status: results from the DINO trial. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2008;79:141–146
  17. Kneebone GM, Kneebone R, Gibson RA. Fatty acid composition of breast milk from three racial groups from Penang, Malaysia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1985;41:765–769
  18. Smit EN, Martini IA, Mulder H, Boersma ER, Muskiet FAJ. Estimated biological variation of the mature human milk fatty acid composition. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2002;66:549–555
  19. Bokor S, Koletzko B, Decsi T. Systematic review of fatty acid composition of human milk from mothers of preterm compared to full-term infants. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2007;61:550–558
  20. Sabel KG, Lundqvist-Persson C, Bona E, Petzold M, Strandvik B. Fatty acid patterns early after premature birth simultaneously analysed in mothers' food, breast milk and serum phospholipids of mothers and infants. Lipids Health Dis. 2009;10:20

PII: S0952-3278(10)00078-5

doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.02.034

Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids
Volume 83, Issue 1 , Pages 9-13 , July 2010

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