For a well-established nutrient, linoleic acid is still about as controversial as
it gets. At one extreme, some swear by it for cholesterol-lowering; at the other extreme,
it is seen as the main impediment to reaping the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids and,
hence, as a major obstacle to better health. What is responsible for these largely
incompatible positions? In general, this type of polarization is because of one or
both of the following problems: Either flimsy evidence has become entrenched as dogma
but without sufficient validation, or there is an absence of key information that
could logically explain paradoxical outcomes. A couple of observations suggest both
these problems apply to linoleic acid.
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty AcidsAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- A new deficiency disease produced by the rigid exclusion of fat from the diet.Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1929; 82: 345-367
- Essential fatty acid deficiency.Progress in the Chemistry of Fats and Other Lipids. 1971; 9: 275-348
- Essential fatty acid deficiency.British Medical Bulletin. 1981; 37: 59-64
- Effect of linolenic acid upon the metabolism of linoleic acid.Journal of Nutrition. 1963; 81: 67-74
- Dietary linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat brain and other organs. Minimal requirements of linoleic acid.Lipids. 1990; 25: 465-472
- The effect of fat level of the diet on general nutrition. VI. The interrelation of linoleate and linolenate in supplying the essential fatty acid requirement in the rat.Journal of Nutrition. 1950; 41: 473-486
- Urinary prostaglandin E2 and vasopression excretion in essential fatty acid deficient rats; Effect of linolenate supplementation.Lipids. 1983; 18: 682-690
- Pure linoleate deficiency in the rat: influence on growth, accumulation of n-6 polyunsaturates, and [1-14C]-linoleate oxidation.Journal of Lipid Research. 1997; 38: 805-912
- Problems with essential fatty acids: time for a new paradigm?.Progress in Lipid Research. 2003; 48: 544-568
- Dietary n-6 PUFA deprivation for 15 weeks reduces arachidonic acid concentration while increasing n-3 PUFA concentrations in organs of post-weaning male rats.Biochimica Biophysica Acta. 2009; 1791: 132-139
- α-Linolenate reduces the dietary requirement for linoleate in the growing rat.Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids. 2011; 85: 353-360
- Essential fatty acid requirements in infancy.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1976; 29: 559-568
- Plasma lipids in human linoleic acid deficiency.Nutrition & Metabolism. 1971; 13: 156-167
- The development of essential fatty acid deficiency in healthy men fed fat-free diets intravenously and orally.Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1975; 56: 127-134
- Essential fatty acid deficiency in surgical patients.Annals of Surgery. 1977; 185: 535-542
- Essential fatty acid deficiency in total parenteral nutrition. Time course of development and suggestions for therapy.Surgery. 1978; 84: 271-277
- Essential fatty acid deficiency and home total parenteral nutrition patients.Nutrition. 1996; 12: 245-249
- Essential fatty acids in infant nutrition.Journal of Nutrition. 1958; 66: 565-576
- Essential fatty acids in premature infant feeding.Pediatrics. 1962; 30: 136-144
- Role of linoleic acid in infant nutrition. Clinical and chemical study of 428 infants for on milk mixtures varying in kind and amount of fat.Pediatrics. 1963; 31: 171-192
- Extremely limited conversion of long chain omega 3 polyunsaturates in adults: implications for their dietary essentiality and use as supplements.Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. 2007; 32: 619-634
- Arachidonic acid supplementation enhances synthesis of eicosanoids without supressing immune functions in young healthy men.Lipids. 1998; 33: 125-130
- Why is lipid synthesis an integral target of β-oxidized and recycled carbon from polyunsaturates in neonates?.Lipids. 2003; 38: 477-484
- The effect of dose level of essential fatty acids upon fatty acid composition of the rat liver.Journal of Lipid Research. 1963; 4: 151-159
- Essential function of linoleic acid esterified in acylglucosylceramide and acylceramide in maintaining the epidermal water permeability barrier. Evidence from feeding studies with oleate, linoleate, arachidonate, columbinate and alpha-linolenate.Biochimica Biophysica Acta. 1985; 8354: 357-363
- Omega-6 fatty acids and the risk for cardiovascular disease: a science advisory from the American Heart Assoication Nutrition Subcommittee of the Council of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism: Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention.Circulation. 2009; 119: 902-907
- An emerging risk factor for obesity: does disequilibration of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism contribute to adipose tissue development?.British Journal of Nutrition. 2008; 100: 461-470
- Who's afraid of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids? Methodological considerations for assessing whether they are harmful.Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2001; 11: 181-188
- N-6 fatty acid-specific and mixed polyunsaturate dietary interventions have different effects on CHD risk: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.British Journal of Nutrition. 2010; 104: 1586-1600
- The American Heart Association advisory on n-6 fatty acids: evidence-based or biased evidence.British Journal of Nutrition. 2010; 104: 1575-1576
Article info
Publication history
Published online: October 03, 2011
Identification
Copyright
© 2011 Published by Elsevier Inc.